A Comparative Research of the Depiction of “Yixiang” in Shiji and Zizhi Tongjian and Reasons for the Depicting Discrepancy

Abstract

Both Shiji and Zizhi Tongjian contain numerous accounts of “Yixiang”, yet their depictions exhibit significant discrepancies. This study conducts a comparative analysis of the overlapping historical periods (from the first year of Qin Shihuang’s reign to the first year of Emperor Wu of Han’s Taichu era) in the two works, focusing on representative accounts of “Yixiang”. Using literature review, comparative analysis, case study, and close reading methodologies, the research found that the differences primarily manifested in the degree of association between “Yixiang” and historical events, the level of detail in content, the presentation of dream omens, and the recording of auspicious or inauspicious outcomes. These discrepancies in historical accounts primarily stem from differences in the authors’ perspectives, variations in their sources of historical materials, and differences in the formats of historical texts. The evolution of such writings reflected the developmental trajectory of Chinese historiography, which progressed from the cognitive framework of “unity between heaven and humanity” to the rational understanding of “separation between heaven and humanity.” Though differing in nature, both texts have jointly shaped and carried forward the dual tradition of “investigating the relationship between heaven and humanity” and “emphasizing human affairs” in Chinese historiography.