Alliance Desire and Homosexual Behavior: The Reason Why There are More Male Homosexual Behavior than Female
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61173/zfm98b96Keywords:
Homosexual Behavior, Alliance Theory, Hunting-gather Lifestyle, Male Homosexual, Female Ho-mosexualAbstract
Based on the hunter-gatherer lifestyle and the alliance theory, this paper proposes two predictions: 1. Males have more homosexual behavior than females; 2. Grassland males have more homosexual behavior than rainforest male. Combined with these predictions, the paper further hypothesizes that that the need for alliance is the reason why there is more male homosexual behavior than female. To test these predictions, observational studies of four indigenous groups in Africa are proposed. If the observations agree with the predictions, the hypothesis presented in this paper will be supported.
References
[1] APA Dictionary of Psychology (2023) https://dictionary.apa. org/homosexual-behavior
[2] Smith, A. M., Rissel, C. E., Richters, J., Grulich, A. E., & De Visser, R. O. (2003). Sex in Australia: Sexual identity, sexual attraction and sexual experience among a representative sample of adults. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, Dean&Francis Ying-Chen Chen, Yangduo Fan, Kunxi Liu, Yijing Lu, Xinyue Wang 27(2): 138-145.
[3] Aizenman, N. (2023). Men are hunters, women are gatherers. That was the assumption. A new study upends it. NPR. https:// www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2023/07/01/1184749528/ men-are-hunters-women-are-gatherers-that-was-the-assumptiona-new-study-upends-i
[4] (World Bank), 2023. Indigenous peoples. https://www. worldbank.org/en/topic/indigenouspeoples#:~:text=Indigeno us%20Peoples%20are%20distinct%20social,which%20they%20 have%20been%20displaced
[5] Baumeister, R. F., & Sommer, K. L. (1997). What do men want? Gender differences and two spheres of belongingness: Comment on Cross and Madson. Psychological Bulletin, 122: 38–44.
[6] Buss, D. M. (2015). Evolutionary Psychology: The New Science of Mind. Psychology Press, New York.
[7] Van Schaik, C.P., Pandit, S.A., Vogel, E.R. (2006). Toward a general model for male-male coalitions in primate groups. In: Kappeler, P.M., van Schaik, C.P. (eds) Cooperation in Primates and Humans. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. 151-171.
[8] Kirkpatrick, R. C. (2000). The evolution of human homosexual behavior. Current Anthropology, 41: 385–413.
[9] Murdogk, G.P. (2017) The Current Status of the World’s Hunting and Gathering Peoples. In: George Peter, M. (Eds.), Man the Hunter. Routledge, Abingdon, Oxon and New York. Pages 19 to 25.
[10] The Editors of South African History Online (South African History Online website), 2019. “The San”. The San | South African History Online (sahistory.org.za)
[11] Gloria Lotha (Encyclopaedia Britannica website), 2024. “Pygmy”. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pygmy
[12] Tyson Brown and National Geographic Society (National Geographic Society website), 2023. “Hadza”. https://education. nationalgeographic.org/resource/hadza/
[13] Silva, H. (FL4K), 2022. The Pirahã Language: A Language Without Color. https://www.fl4k.com/blog/the-piraha-language
[14] Barron, A. B., Hare, B. (2020). Prosociality and a Sociosexual Hypothesis for the Evolution of Same-Sex Attraction in Humans. Frontiers in Psychology, 10.
[15] Silk, J. B., Beehner, J. C., Bergman, T. J., Crockford, C., Engh, A. L., Moscovice, L. R., Wittig, R. M., Seyfarth, R. M., & Cheney, D. L. (2010). Strong and Consistent Social Bonds Enhance the Longevity of Female Baboons. Current Biology, 20: 1359-1361.
[16] Pollack, L., Rubenstein, D. R. (2015). The fitness consequences of kin-biased dispersal in a cooperatively breeding bird. Biology Letters, 11.
[17] Brouwer, L., Richardson, D. S., & Komdeur, J. (2012). Helpers at the Nest Improve Late-Life Offspring Performance: Evidence from a Long-Term Study and a Cross-Foster Experiment. PLoS ONE, 7.
[18] White D. R., Burton M. L. (1988). Causes of Polygyny: Ecology, Economy, Kinship, and Warfare. American Anthropologist, 90: 871–887.
[19] Adriaens, P. R., Block, A. D. (2006). The Evolution of a Social Construction: The Case of Male Homosexuality. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 49: 570–585.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 by the authors.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
